'If' statements provide an excellent way to do certain things under certain conditions, however sometimes more complex conditions are required to accomplish the desired goal. Logical operators, sometimes called boolean operators, evaluate expressions and decide what boolean should be expressed from the evaluation. The name 'boolean operators' is appropriate as the operators take boolean expression(s) - combinations of symbols which represent boolean (true or false) values - and evaluate these into a single boolean expression. If you don't quite understand what I'm talking about here, don't worry about it, it's probably because I'm having to jump around the point a little bit while generalizing about these operators - let's jump right in.
Tagged with beginners, cpp, newbies, programming. Giving the normal C operators such as +, -, ,., additional meaning when they are applied to user defined type such as class. Let's say we have created a class called counter. The modulus operator is useful in a variety of circumstances. It is commonly used to take a randomly generated number and reduce that number to a random number on a smaller range, and it can also quickly tell you if one number is a factor of another. C Program to Multiply two Numbers In this program, user is asked to enter two numbers (floating point numbers). Then, the product of those two numbers is stored in a variable and displayed on the screen. Apr 04, 2020 In C, ternary operator allows executing different code depending on the value of a condition, and the result of the expression is the result of the executed code. The ternary operator uses 3 operands. It evaluates a condition and after that chooses one of its two branches to execute, depending upon the result of condition.
And
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The 'and' operator in C++ is represented by two ampersand signs next to each other:
&&
. It takes the boolean value on the left of the operator and the boolean value on the right of the operator, and returns true
if both are true, and false
in all other conditions. From this, you can see that it behaves much like the word 'and' does in the English language - if condition A and condition B are true, then the expression will be true, otherwise the expression will be false. This means that true && true
will evaluate to true
, and true && false
will evaluate to false -- both conditions must be true for the expression to be true.Following on from the concept demonstrated above, the regular ol' conditions that we've been using in if-statements end up evaluating to boolean values - being
true
if the condition is true, and false
if it is not. This means that we can put a condition at each side of the &&
operator, and the full expression will only return true
if the first condition and the second condition are true. An example of this is as follows:Or
The 'or' operator behaves much like 'and', however only one of the two conditions has to be true. It is represented by a double 'pipe symbol',
||
, and behaves much like the word 'or' in the English language - if one condition or the other is true. This means that true || true
, true || false
, and false || true
will all return true
, and false || false
will return false. This functionality, once again, is best seen in a code snippet in which a complex condition can be given to an 'if' statement:Not
The 'not' operator is a little different to 'and' and 'or'. It can only be prefixed to single expressions and essentially just inverts the boolean value of an expression. If the value is
true
, 'not' will flick it to false
- the 'not' operator is expressed via an exclamation mark, and hence !true
is false
, and !false
is true
. The functionality of the 'not' operator can almost always be accomplished via different means, for example !(age > 5)
could be expressed as age < 5
, however 'not' really shines with readability, more complex expressions, and boolean variables. Take, for example, the following, which uses the 'not' operator to create a neater condition:Another really cool use for 'not' is making use of some of the error handling built into a lot of the standard stuff in a really nice way. A really cool example of this is error handling input via 'cin'. If you've used 'cin' for getting data into an integer variable before, for example, you may have noticed that things go horribly wrong if the user types in text data. 'cin' actually sort of handles this kind of thing for us, we just haven't been utilizing it yet! If the user enters text data when 'cin' is getting data for an integer value, for example, it will actually return
false
- which means we can pick up on this and act appropriately (do some error handling!). This means that a simple check can be done to see if the user input was valid with something like the following:It's worth nothing that in this example, we should probably be using cerr for outputting errors (used exactly the same as
cerr
instead of cout
. They're very similar, and I won't go into the technical details (Google if you're interested), but simply put, you should use cout
), and cout
for just outputting text normally.- C++ Basics
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An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C++ is rich in built-in operators and provide the following types of operators −
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- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Misc Operators
This chapter will examine the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and other operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ language −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Adds two operands | A + B will give 30 |
- | Subtracts second operand from the first | A - B will give -10 |
* | Multiplies both operands | A * B will give 200 |
/ | Divides numerator by de-numerator | B / A will give 2 |
% | Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division | B % A will give 0 |
++ | Increment operator, increases integer value by one | A++ will give 11 |
-- | Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one | A-- will give 9 |
Relational Operators
There are following relational operators supported by C++ language
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A B) is not true. | |
!= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (A != B) is true. |
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A > B) is not true. |
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A < B) is true. |
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A >= B) is not true. |
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A <= B) is true. |
Logical Operators
There are following logical operators supported by C++ language.
Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
&& | Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true. | (A && B) is false. |
|| | Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then condition becomes true. | (A || B) is true. |
! | Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make false. | !(A && B) is true. |
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows −
p | q | p & q | p | q | p ^ q |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows −
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
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A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by C++ language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
& | Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. | (A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100 |
| | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. | (A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101 |
^ | Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. | (A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001 |
~ | Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. | (~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number. |
<< | Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000 |
>> | Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111 |
Assignment Operators
There are following assignment operators supported by C++ language −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
= | Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. | C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C |
+= | Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand. | C += A is equivalent to C = C + A |
-= | Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand. | C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A |
*= | Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand. | C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A |
/= | Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand. | C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A |
%= | Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand. | C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A |
<<= | Left shift AND assignment operator. | C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2 |
>>= | Right shift AND assignment operator. | C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2 |
&= | Bitwise AND assignment operator. | C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 |
^= | Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. | C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 |
|= | Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. | C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2 |
Misc Operators
The following table lists some other operators that C++ supports.
Sr.No | Operator & Description |
---|---|
1 | sizeof sizeof operator returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(a), where ‘a’ is integer, and will return 4. |
2 | Condition ? X : Y Conditional operator (?). If Condition is true then it returns value of X otherwise returns value of Y. |
3 | , Comma operator causes a sequence of operations to be performed. The value of the entire comma expression is the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list. |
4 | . (dot) and -> (arrow) Member operators are used to reference individual members of classes, structures, and unions. |
5 | Cast Casting operators convert one data type to another. For example, int(2.2000) would return 2. |
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7 | * Pointer operator * is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will pointer to a variable var. |
Operators Precedence in C++
Operators In C
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator −
For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
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Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
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Category | Operator | Associativity |
---|---|---|
Postfix | () [] -> . ++ - - | Left to right |
Unary | + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof | Right to left |
Multiplicative | * / % | Left to right |
Additive | + - | Left to right |
Shift | << >> | Left to right |
Relational | < <= > >= | Left to right |
Equality | != | Left to right |
Bitwise AND | & | Left to right |
Bitwise XOR | ^ | Left to right |
Bitwise OR | | | Left to right |
Logical AND | && | Left to right |
Logical OR | || | Left to right |
Conditional | ?: | Right to left |
Assignment | = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= | Right to left |
Comma | , | Left to right |